Familial kidney disease is an umbrella term used to describe various genetically transmitted conditions that impair the normal function of a dog’s kidneys. Unlike some hereditary kidney diseases, which have a clearly identified genetic basis and mode of inheritance, most familial kidney diseases are characterized by their frequent occurrence within certain dog families without a well-understood inheritance pattern. This makes these conditions particularly challenging to diagnose and manage.

Here’s what you should know about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of the disease.

Symptoms of familial kidney disease in dogs

Dogs affected by familial kidney disease typically exhibit normal kidney function at birth. However, deterioration can commence early in life, often becoming noticeable before the dog reaches one year of age. As the disease progresses, the kidneys’ ability to filter waste products from the blood diminishes, which can lead to kidney failure, usually before the dog turns five. In severe cases — particularly when symptoms appear before five months of age — affected puppies may also experience stunted growth.

One of the earliest signs of familial kidney disease in dogs is increased water consumption and frequent urination. Some pet parents might initially mistake these behaviors for poor house training, especially in younger dogs. With the decline in kidney function, more severe symptoms may emerge, including:

• Lethargy and reduced activity levels
• Weight loss
• Reduced appetite
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Bad breath (due to the buildup of waste products in the blood)
• Pale gums and other signs of anemia

If you notice these symptoms in your dog, take them to the vet for a thorough examination. The vet will begin by asking detailed questions about your dog’s symptoms, their onset, and any changes you’ve observed over time. Diagnostic tests will likely include blood and urine tests, which can reveal high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood and elevated phosphate levels in the serum, both indicative of kidney disease. In some cases, imaging techniques such as ultrasound or radiographs may be employed to assess the kidneys’ structure and size.

Types of familial kidney disease in dogs

As previously mentioned, familial kidney disease is not a single condition but rather a collection of various kidney disorders. Each disorder can vary significantly in its clinical presentation, age of onset, and progression. Here are some of the main types of familial kidney diseases in dogs:

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is characterized by the development of multiple fluid-filled cysts within the kidneys. Over time, these cysts can grow and cause kidney dysfunction. It is commonly seen in certain breeds, such as Bull Terriers and Cairn Terriers.

Familial Inherited Renal Dysplasia

This is a developmental disorder in which the kidneys do not mature properly, leading to malformed and underdeveloped renal tissue. Breeds such as Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, and Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers are particularly susceptible. The condition is believed to be inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.

Hereditary Nephritis

Hereditary nephritis — also known as Alport syndrome in humans — is a disorder caused by defects in the type IV collagen of the glomerular basement membrane. This condition is notably seen in breeds like English Cocker Spaniels. It is usually inherited in an X-linked manner, which means males are more severely affected, while females may be carriers with milder symptoms.

Fanconi Syndrome

Fanconi Syndrome is an inherited condition that affects the kidney’s ability to reabsorb essential nutrients and electrolytes. This dysfunction can lead to a range of metabolic issues and eventual kidney failure. Basenjis are particularly prone to this condition.

Juvenile Nephropathy

Juvenile Nephropathy, also known as Juvenile Renal Disease, manifests in dogs less than two years old and can lead to early-onset kidney failure. Commonly seen in breeds like Boxers and Doberman Pinschers, the condition results in symptoms like vomiting, poor growth, and chronic renal insufficiency.

Familial Glomerulonephritis

This type of familial kidney disease involves inflammation of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidney. Bernese Mountain Dogs and Doberman Pinschers are particularly predisposed to this condition. The inflammation can lead to chronic kidney disease over time.

Renal Amyloidosis

Renal Amyloidosis occurs when abnormal protein deposits, known as amyloids, accumulate in the kidneys. It is often observed in Shar-Peis and Beagles. The amyloid deposits can cause significant damage, leading to kidney failure.

Causes of familial kidney disease in dogs

Familial kidney disease in dogs is primarily caused by genetic mutations passed down through generations within certain breeds. These mutations can be either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. In autosomal dominant cases, only one copy of the mutated gene is necessary for the disease to manifest, meaning even one affected parent can pass the condition on to their offspring. In contrast, autosomal recessive conditions require two copies of the mutated gene — one from each parent — for the disease to develop. Such mutations can result in structural malformations of the kidneys, impaired renal function, or a combination of both.

In addition to specific breed predispositions, other factors such as inbreeding can increase the likelihood of familial kidney disease. Inbreeding reduces genetic diversity, making it more likely for harmful recessive genes to pair up and result in disease.

Treatments for familial kidney disease in dogs

While there is no cure for familial kidney disease in dogs, several treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the condition:

• Dietary management: A special diet formulated for kidney health can slow the progression of the disease. These diets are typically low in protein, phosphorus, and sodium to reduce the workload on the kidneys.
• Medications: Depending on the severity of the disease, your vet may prescribe medications to control symptoms and support kidney function. These may include medications to manage blood pressure, reduce proteinuria — protein in urine — and alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms.
• Fluid therapy: Dogs with kidney disease often become dehydrated. Fluid therapy, either administered subcutaneously or intravenously, can help maintain hydration and flush toxins from the body.
• Regular monitoring: Routine check-ups and blood tests are essential for monitoring the progression of the disease and adjusting treatment plans as needed. Regular vet visits allow for early intervention if the condition worsens.
• Supportive care: Make sure to provide a comfortable and stress-free environment for your dog. Ensuring they have a cozy place to rest, access to fresh water, and plenty of love and attention can make a significant difference in their overall well-being.

Because the mode of inheritance for familial kidney disease is not fully understood, breeders and owners should exercise caution. Genetic counseling and responsible breeding practices are crucial to reduce the incidence of this condition. In breeds known to be predisposed, genetic testing and health screenings can help identify carriers and inform breeding decisions.